Terra-Introduction
Terracotta Army Hang in Lintong District of Xi'an 6 km east of the West Yangcun south east of the Emperor Qinshihuang Mausoleum 1,225 meters, Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the largest of the group Pit, the pits are buried in the vast regions of the Qin Dynasty-strong army in miniature. 1974 West Yangcun farmers drilling wells discovered shocked the world Terracotta Army. It is made up of three different size holes, respectively numbered on the 1st hole, on the 2nd hole, on the 3rd hole. 3 Warriors Hang total area of nearly 20,000 square meters, with a total live pit, the real horse size similar figures. Ma Tao about 8000, tens of thousands of usable weapons. Warriors pits figures, according to Ma Tao ancient military formations arranged. On the 1st pit by the more than 6,000 pieces of figures, Ma Tao and more than 40 combat vehicles of the military component of a rectangular array; on the 2nd hole for the infantry-type song mixed in military camps, figures more than 900 pieces, 89 vehicles, motorists Ma Tao 356, pommel horse more than 100 aspirin; on the 3rd pits with 68 figures, 4 pottery horses and one chariot, it is one, Hang on the 2nd Corps Command. The discovery of the various figures, in accordance with different capacities into General Warriors Slips terracotta warrior figurines, and several levels, their clothes, cap, Shenzi is not the same, heterogeneous, thousands of pieces of terracotta not the same as a face. Fully embodies the Chinese people's labor ancient wisdom and the history of ancient Chinese civilization to the great creation People from around the world love, known as the "Eighth Miracle in the World", the history of the 20th century's greatest archaeological find, was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site. Terracotta Army is the Chinese people's pride, but also for all of humanity. 1. The production figures terracotta figures unearthed from the pit thousands of terracotta warriors, in the cleaning and restoration process, Archaeologists after repeated observation, contrast, research, summed up the figures produced by the common law method. In brief, the production figures are modeling combined with plastic-based. First, with the latest discovery of crude into fetal Warriors, the second Minute mud to be modified and described in detail. Warriors head, hand-made using fetal rough and then detail the characterization. Part of the trunk is used plastic hands. In the first, hand, the trunk were produced and then to assemble a complete set of figures. Warriors first production, using a first - or single-mode production combined with hands made of plastic figurines rough first child. Terracotta figures unearthed in, the use of single-mode and hands with plastic figures produced a smaller quantity, Most Warriors is the first use of a mold to make. Mold in general is the first Warriors will be divided into roughly equal after the two halves, with a single module production, then two single-mode consistency bonding integrity of the Warriors into the first large-scale, another part of the facial features described in detail processing. Most of the figures used singlemode binaural separate production molding, in the head and then affixed to the sides. Terracotta bun, some used in brain dumping carved molding; Another single-mode system affixed to his head. Pigtails in some parts of the head corresponding groove carved Xuecheng, prefabricated pigtails Embedded within the cavity. Pigtails light relief. Warriors head of the detail, Carving, with a focus on the facial features, his beard and hair patterns The facial features of the model on the basis of detailed carvings, modification, temperaments and personalities of different personality and psychological characteristics. If the Meigu figures, some into the shape of the eyebrow-shaped mountain, some into the shape of the meniscus-shaped willow-shaped, Meigu used in Upward temperaments fine eyebrows. Figures eye and mouth also depicts minor quite ingenuity. Browbeat people in the eye sculpture exploded; Everywhere you looking up, on the eyelids and Meigu edge sag; Disposition season, I slit and mouth depicts linear; solemnly, numbness of the mouth drooping profile pack. Each figures expressions are different, their facial muscles and correspondingly change. Kongwu expression, brow muscles carve uplift, the elderly, in the forehead wrinkled temperaments; Young, deal with scratching techniques enable facial muscle movements fullness. Face the three Chambers, the Wu-yue, the thickness of the muscle, skeletal undulating changes, after detailed characterization were very reasonable. Some figures beard depicts out and some stickers Chashangqu, such as two-Bazihu natural ground, Most are used by the law of the statue, above reuse Upward Hu played fine silk; The eight-shaped plate 2 Xiao-hu, General access is affixed again mud tablets engraved Hu silk; Hu large circle gills, is dumping mud or affixed access via the shaving unit, into sculpture. The figures varied hairstyle changes, carving the methods are different. Grate-profile hair style, in the early fetal head overlying layer thinning soil, then grate-like tool is starting scratch patterns; Ding hair style, Warriors is the first in the early fetal overlying thick mud, and then a bottom-up rod tool loops from scratch is spiral-shaped form The frontal bone hair on the temples, most of scarcity - is a tool for characterization starting profile. To demonstrate the different characters personality characteristics, and some of the frontal bone of dumping, into the shape of arch-like hair on the temples of the rope, to the occasional show personality. Carving through the detail, showing a colorful facial characteristics. The figures trunk shape, use thick mud make child, in large crude fetal further detail on the characteristics of characterization, such as wood, armor, belt, hook, and so on, the rough figures fetal trunk is a bottom-up paragraph by paragraph stack plastic produced. First production figures standing in a foot plate, a foot square plates are used in mold making, Today, the production methods and rural Nipi from the same method. Foot plate made after molding figures feet, and at its connecting plastic legs and shorts, legs clothing, Warriors legs are solid and hollow two, a solid Warriors general legs mud unit is folded into a cylindrical repeatedly hammering of the mud sticks, Afterwards plastic in the heel, in order to appear Warriors legs tendonitis, muscle changes, the details of the re-shaving dressing. Hollow legs with the practice of law unit volumes of soil or soil of the site built into the legal system. The figures pants shorts produced in solid and hollow legs legs on the outside of the Indian film Jômon rough week, put prefabricated mud tablets wrapped in shorts above the Shaping of the pants. Next, the figures are shaping the trunk. The figures are hollow trunk, with soil of the site to build the Shaping of Law. Is the first concrete blocks to the legs terracotta even as a whole. Along the upper periphery of dumping make about 10 centimeters high, 4-8 cm thick elliptical form of a rectangular chassis. Warriors to the base of the trunk dry, with the chassis of coil-built begun shaping the trunk. Trunk figures were 1.1-1.2 meters high, can not be used as a dump site of the building harmoniously. Lumbar is generally bounded into production next two paragraphs, the first of the next body cavity, a coil-built molding, to be slightly dry after the previous paragraph. In order to build the dump site collecting compacting of the medial to linen and other fabric substrate and used wooden hammers hammering and so on. Figures to be a large plastic trunk good dry, we began bonding terracotta arms. The figures for the hollow arms, straight-arm general use of coil-built production molding method, Qu - arm elbow is punishment for two produced from sticking. Warriors arms in the trunk thoracic adhesive on both sides, in order to enhance the adhesion files, Bonding in and took some measures to reinforce and to the lower end of the small wooden stand supporting characters. The figures are individually hand made, First Military University of hand-shaped figurines are produced in two molding together, shake hands, palm-shaped combination with a place to create and temperaments nails, joints, bones and muscles and the Palm and flesh, terracotta hand "flesh out equipment, Dark all joints. " Warriors hand after production figures Plug in arms within the sleeves. Through these processes, the major figures trunk basically completed. On this basis, the figures for further detailed Carving. Carving the wood is in rough fetal trunk at a small mud-coated, rehabilitation after a mud-floor polishes, bears, mold anywhere, coat, neckline, and the clothes dress patterns. Coat collar used carved relief plus Tapping techniques. Chang, cuff designs will make shallow relief effect. Warriors waist beam leather belt use by the law of ball shape, then the above characterization employed or triangular, diamond and other patterns. Hooked-use stickers will make shallow mud or high-relief carved results. Some of the Kolchuga terracotta crude fetal direct carving, some of the rough fetal overlying fine mud, carved into the shape of shallow effects. A nail, together with a single-mode usually made after a sticky at the top of a film. 2. Ma Tao production process Qin terracotta warriors and horses unearthed from the pit Ma Tao, physical tall calendar.
After years of archaeologists repeated observation, comparison, analysis, understanding of the Qin Ma Tao of production process. Qin Ma Tao in the production, is usually the first horse head, neck, trunk, limbs and tail, respectively, production, then assembled into rough tire adhesion, after the Second Modified Minute mud, carving molding. After the dry kiln burning, and the final color painting. Ma Tau is narrow and fear are two different practices followed them, the former principal mold made using both right and left half, Ma Tau with sutures in the center, a place separate parts chin after bonding in the lower part of Ma Tau. Ma Tau wrong type, soil from five films from the launch of the new bond. Ma Tau with sutures in the medial general must Minute soil reinforcement, Ma heads the annex, such as ears and fly bristles are pinch-made, Ma Tau in the corresponding site bored embedded. Tao Ma in the neck and body cavities of hollow. Neck from the left and right two irregular shape of the piece of film adhesive mud from. Ma Tao body cavity into buttocks, abdomen and deltopectoral three of each are also a number of pieces of mud from the launch of the new unit. Ma Tao from the body cavity wall observation, all the mud tablets with sutures, in the medial layer of mud after hammering hard to make solid cards. Macedonia's limbs and tail usually from sculpture. Breaking from his own observation of the horse-leg, pottery density, non-porous, hard as stone, the soil layers were folding-page book, Note horse-leg is folded repeatedly with soil temper plastic molding. Mawei hands are plastic, carving molding. Mawei the top are making round or square Tenon to insert the buttocks. Ma Tao various components were produced, began assembling portfolio. Portfolio method is a bottom-up paragraph by paragraph-by-film adhesion, the first leg of the body cavity, catch on the neck, head, tail, Ma body composition so large. Assembled portfolio process is the first of four pre-production according to a fixed horse-leg establish the position, after Mafu put up in the support plate, start the installation horse trunk. Tao Ma 28.08 installed, the specific way that this is difficult to ascertain. One speculation is that people may Qin Ma buttocks, abdomen, chest three of the past that is assembled into one bonding constitute trunk. Ma assembled at the place horse trunk and limbs board support from both sides of the abdominal opening a hole, from the hands go up under the hole in the trunk and limbs point overlying soil pressure hammering, allowing dense. Later, Tao takes first head and neck sticking to an overall access to the trunk on. As Ma Tau with the great weight of the neck, and the footer at the dock, the following should be of a small font support, Ma Tau and neck support gravity. Finally, in the buttocks Ma opened a square hole, the system of prior good side ponytail insertion hole and again after mud external reinforcement. MA in various parts of the installation is completed, Ma Tao appearance of some of the details for further refinements. Macedonia's trunk external layer Tu generally fine mud. After grinding the surface smooth formation, Ma is a very rich body muscle. Ma heap in the chest affixed concrete blocks, carving out massive convex breast, shoulders Department Minute thick mud to show the lofty traditions scapular, The pommel horse cavalry on horseback also dumping high-relief carving of Kurahashi and shallow relief, joining the saddle. Ma Tao limbs through painstaking carved cut grinders, a round of wandering round and shiny, and the individual-bian clearly defined physical, clearly the relationship between the joints. 3. Figures, pottery horse calcination process of ancient pottery products and the choice of materials is fired, there is a certain standard. "Heavenly Creations" record : "dig two Chitu, and chose to take no sand clay impossible", and to "readjust practice cooked mud." Note ancient pottery products in selected raw materials, require the excavation Er Chi Gao, no sand from the clay. Select raw materials, but also orchestrated mature mud, the system can FORMING. If the raw material is not small, not very dense soil particles, Harvest is not good, dirty hole and impact molding. Even after the firing, the finished product is smooth without the rough flu. Terracotta figures unearthed from the pit figures, Ma Tao tire wall, the general thickness of 2-4 cm, the thickness of up to 10-20 cm. Figures, pottery horses tire wall mud generally consists of internal and external layers, the outer mud dense, uniform, and an inner layer of mud thicker, admixture with particles of uniform white sand. Terra-produced the clay is taken from the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor near the tan soil, selected prior to the use of clay after also dried, crushed rolling, yield a series of processes to remove impurities in the soil. so delicate molding clay, reaching sculpture production requirements. Terracotta Army, in order to enhance the mechanical strength and large-scale figures, Ma Tao is not only easy to shape, but due to high temperature and not distorted or inflated Explosion, Fountain of craftsmen in clay mixed after a careful screening of quartz sand. Figures, pottery horse fired pottery and tile, the quality of its key lies in seizing the heat. Sing Song in the "Heavenly Creations" On Ancient fired brick said : "Where firewood kiln and fire only the salaries of full-designate. Solid Cypriot their mud hole, and then make a fire to rust, where the temperature and less on January 2, not only Apriona swinsoni; fewer March 2, were tender Huozhuan, miscellaneous character is, Then the future by the cream, then dissolved into legislation, is also the soil. heat over January 2, the brick with cracks. Multi-March 2, the narrow brick-shaped crack, Buckling not stretch, attacking them as scrap iron course, unfit for use. "This indicates grasp heat of the baking process is very important. Low temperature, the product not only fired, but the internal surface Matt can sintered into the half-cooked "delicate Huozhuan" high temperature deformation is not exploding. Only the firing temperature just right, can burn pure color products, hard, shape now. Terra-baking temperature, generally in 1050 ℃, and China's ancient pottery firing temperature are similar, Note to figures produced heat already know quite skilled. Figures, Ma Tao for the different parts, aggravation of uneven thickness of thin places only 1-2 centimeters, and the thickness of the reach of 10-20 cm. Moreover, figures, Ma Tao size, which has Roasting very difficult. In order to make physical tall, the site of uneven thickness of the figures, pottery Machaut fire uniform, Fountain craftsmen in the manufacturing process adopted many measures. To avoid uneven thickness of the parts produced Roasting difficulties in the production figures, the craftsmen Nitai minimize the thickness If the figures clothing trunk and legs, feet and other parts of the mud up to 10-20 cm thickness, and part of the fetal trunk only 2-4 centimeters thick, which is easy to form the upper figures have sintering, and the lower part of the pupil. legs and feet were burned, etc. Rather, the phenomenon have half-cooked. To resolve this conflict, craftsmen will figurines made of hollow legs, the bottom part of the clothing on backing a tubeless Road mud Prism, Prism in the mud, mud covered large clothing unit for the appearance of the trunk space into two floors and outside. These measures will figures, Ma Tao site by the fire uniform, sintering roughly the same time. To figures, pottery horse in the baking process ventilation flow, not less important, craftsmen in the Qin Dynasty figures. Ma Tao appropriate sites also have links fire and ventilation hole. Ma Tao in the abdomen on both sides have about a 10 mm diameter hole. so that the flame can be entered through holes uniform Ma body cavity. In figures who also have some other fire and ventilation holes, or in the buttocks figures remain 12 holes. or figures come a head about 1-1.5 cm diameter circular hole, so that the tire wall figures by the fire uniform, exhaust convenience. Qin terracotta warriors and horses, inspired by the success, as evidenced as early as 2,000 years ago, the Qin Dynasty, and pottery technology has reached a very high water
1 条评论:
GOOD 很好
发表评论